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Education of Elon Musk
When Elon Musk was only 10 years old, he grew his interest in computing and he became a self-taught computer programmer by the age of 12. In that time, he started to earn and he earned $500 selling the codes for the video game he created 'Blastar' to 'PC and Office Technology Magazine'.
Schooling: He was a student of Waterkloof House Preparatory School, situated in South Africa, and then he went to Brayston High School and Pretoria Boys High School for further studies.
Then he moved to the University of Pretoria, where he stayed only for 5 months. And after that, he attended Queen's University in 1989.
Bachelor of Science & Bachelor of Arts: Elon Musk completed his B.Sc degree majoring in Economics and B.A. degree majoring in Physics from the University of Pennsylvania.
Internships: He earned two summer internships in 1994 ? Research Institute and Palo Alto.
Ph.D.: He walked towards his Ph.D. in 1995 majoring in 'energy physics/materials science from Stanford University, California but left that just after two days.
Hobbies: He loves reading, travelling, and playing video games.
Net Worth: His net worth is $165.7 billion as of May 2021.
Salary: US $ 2.080 / month.
Family background: Born to a Canadian-South African model and dietitian, Elon Musk grew up in Africa. His father Errol Musk worked as an African electromechanical engineer, pilot, and sailor as well. But unfortunately, his parents got separated, and Elon Musk chose to live with his father in Pretoria. But after some years, he regretted his decision and called his father a terrible man. He has one brother named Kimbal Musk, an entrepreneur and philanthropist. And he has a sister also named Tosca Musk, a filmmaker.
Career:
In 1995, Elon Musk developed his first company, Zip2 Corporation with his brother Kimbal Musk. But a division of Compaq Computer Corporation bought this company in exchange for $34 million in stock options in 1999.
To find X.com what is known as PayPal nowadays, Elon Musk used that $34 million in 1999, and in 2002, eBay acquired it for $1.5 billion in stock.
Then Elon Musk developed his third company, SpaceX in 2002 and it became well-established by 2008.
Elon Musk and SpaceX launched the Falcon 9 rocket into space with an unmanned capsule in 2013 and it has made history.
Apart from these, he presented an updated design plan for his BFR in September 2017; In 2003, he formed a company called Tesla Motors; In 2008, Tesla Motors revealed the Roadster, a sports car with high speed; In 2008, Tesla announced plans for the company's first sedan, Model S; In 2017, he revealed a new Tesla Semi and Roadster on his company's design logo; He developed Tesla's a long-awaited model Y in 2019; He developed another company, named The Boring Company in 2017.
Achievements of Elon Musk:
- Elon Musk was awarded the Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for his work on Tesla and SpaceX in 2007.
- In 2008, for his enormous contribution to space transportation, he was awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low awarded.
Post updated on: Oct 20, 2021 5:18:21 AM
Full Name: Pichai Sundararajan
Date of Birth: June 10, 1972
Place of Birth: Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Father: Regunatha Pichai
Mother: Lakshmi Pichai
Wife: He met his wife, Anjali Pichai at IIT Kharagpur. And Mrs. Pichai is presently working as a Chemical Engineer.
Children: 2 (Kiran Pichai, Kavya Pichai)
Nationality: American, India born American
Height: 1.80 Meter
Education of Sundar Pichai
Schooling: He was a student of Jawahar Vidyalaya, situated in Ashok Nagar, Chennai and he went to Vana Vani School for completing his 12th board.
B.Tech: He completed his B.Tech degree from IIT Kharagpur majoring in Metallurgical Engineering in 1993.
Master of Science: He completed his MS degree from Stanford University in 1995.
MBA: He completed his MBA degree from Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in 2002. There he was named Palmer Scholar and Siebel Scholar.
Hobbies: He is very passionate about football and cricket. His favourite sportsmen are Sachin Tendulkar and Sunil Gavaskar among all.
Net Worth: As of June 2021, his net worth is approx. $1.3 billion.
Salary: Sundar Pichai owns multiple shares and stocks in the multi-billion dollar company and as the CEO of Google, he earns $2M per year combining all.
Family background: Born to an Engineer family, Sundar Pichai achieved a lot of things. He grew up dreaming to become an International Cricket player. His father was an electrical engineer at General Electric Company, and his mother was also more than a homemaker. She worked as a stenographer. His father owned a manufacturing plant that he used for producing electrical components.
Sundar Pichai was only 12 when he got to know about the phone that was being brought into his home.
Due to his turning focus on Engineering, he left the dream of becoming a cricket player.
Career: At the beginning of his career, he was an engineer and product manager at a semiconductor maker located in Silicon Valley, USA.
But before that, just after completing his B. Tech degree, IIT Kharagpur awarded him a scholarship to study at Stanford University. There he opted for materials science and semiconductor physics.
Sundar completed his MBA in 2002 from Wharton and then started his journey as a consultant in McKinsey & Company. In 2004, he finally joined Google as the CEO.
Major Success of Sundar Pichai:
Development of Google Chrome and Google OS and Sundar Pichai's success have come together.
As the CEO, Sundar Pichai took the initiative to launch a browser for Google itself and convinced both co-founders of Google, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page to look forward to the browser. Finally, Sundar Pichai launched Google Chrome in 2008, and Chrome became the No. 1 browser in the world after a short time period. In that very year, Sundar Pichai also became the Vice President of product development. But in 2012, his hard work brought him the title of Senior Vice President also. This is not the ending. He became the Product Chief over Google and the Android smartphone operating system in 2014.
Sundar Pichai's smart work is the reason for what Chrome surpassed its competitors, such as Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox.
In 2015, the Alphabet Inc. Was formed as Google's parent company and in that very year, Sundar Pichai was selected as the CEO of Google in August. In the next year, Sundar Pichai achieved 273,328 shares of Google's holding company Alphabet. He raised these shares worth $199 million up to $650 million that led to a rise in his net worth.
After achieving such great success, Sundar Pichai became an internationally famous figure whose contribution in technological world is inestimable.
Post updated on: Oct 16, 2021 10:17:33 AM
Career in private tuition - Nowadays every student needs a perfect and skilled teacher to learn perfect English so that the student can move forward without any problem. Poverty or unemployment can never touch you if you can be the master of this subject and you don't need to invest any excessive amount to get success. Everyone agrees to pay a good amount to the teacher if they get their results.
Assistant professor in college - If you are looking for a secured as well as a honorable profession, you can do Masters in English literature and can try to become a professor. If you have the potential to sum up all your study and if you love to teach other people, you should pursue English literature for B.A. and then go for M.A.; To be an assistant professor, you just need to have the in-depth knowledge of English literature, it is not so tough as people think. Good learning gives the best way.
Career in YouTube - Not all students want to go into the general professions, sometimes students want to go for off-beat professions and nowadays YouTube is one of those. Students who have their own unique ideas and determination and also wants to be famous by a good path, they can pursue English honors. This subject helps you to make your ideology more powerful so that you can be able to think your contents in a more unique manner. And you can upload your lectures on YouTube regarding the topics of English Honors to make others understand the contexts.
Career as an author - Every generation has the craze to read the books or eBooks of different writers and a few of them wants to be author but their planning does not get successful because they have not that much of knowledge to write a book. In English honors, students need to read most of the literary terms, devices, tactics which can help the students to arrange their own writings and make them different from other freshers in the writing field.
Guest lecturer in college - Students can earn quite a good amount of money as well as fame and respect just after graduating in English literature. They can be guest lecturers in different colleges and this profession will give them an opportunity to nurture their own studies better. Students can take up this profession for practice also so that they can one day become assistant professors.
Career in content writing - The world cannot go on without writings and as English literature helps students to expand their knowledge and also informs them each strategy to present the contents beautifully, students can easily turn their writing hobby into a fruitful profession. The best part is the students learn everything in English language and the world needs most of the contents in English so the students of English literature can work as a freelance content writer with other countries also.
I will write about other opportunities in my next blog.
Post updated on: Aug 14, 2021 2:23:55 AM
What is English Literature according to the common people?
English literature is the most difficult subject in the group of Arts but after taking admission into B.A and M.A in English , people can learn it very well that they can communicate fluently in English. As we all know that English is the most accepted language in the world so we all want to learn it and somehow at a certain point, we judge the human intelligence by the English communication skill. Nowadays most of the parents enroll their children in English Medium schools so that they can be the master in English Language and after completing the school, those students pursue English honours for learning the English Language more precisely. So the general notion is if you pursue English Honours, you will be successful in life, only English language is the useful subject in the stream of Arts.
What to read in English Literature according to common people?
You only have to study the textual stories and poems; and the ready made notes to score a good percentage. But the most important part is you will have to communicate in English otherwise pursuing English literature will not be fruitful for you. If you cannot understand the meaning of a English word, you should never pursue this subject because this subject is all about understanding the meanings and learning good English words.
What is the actual purpose of studying English literature?
As we all know, the list of candidates for English Honours is longer than the list of candidates for other subjects and to enter the college pursuing English Honours, a student has to face more competition. Most of the students of each stream apply for taking English as their major subject in college, this is why the competition of this subject gets harder than any other subject of Arts. If someone judges this subject thinking of the school days, it would not be right. The English literature has a little bit of connection with grammar, it is all about the literary theories.
Though people think that studying English Honours would help the students to learn English speaking, it is quite wrong at a certain point. Every language has its own development history and English is also one of the languages so the institutions teach the history behind English literature and language. If any student is not habituated with reading, he or she should not opt this subject for future studies and if that student did not like the subject History in his school, he or she should never pursue English Honours.
We all have one mother tongue and the development history of that language is taught in school so we are used to it, we get to know the popular terms and the most important facts of our mother tongue but in college, the thing is different. Since you are pursuing English Honours, you should know the over-all history of Europe, America, Africa and India also because every textual element belongs to these places mostly.
The biggest difference between the school and the college English is in school, the students read stories or poems without knowing its history but in college, students have to be aware of every device used in the texts and also the background history of the texts and the authors. English Literature is called the toughest subject from UG because here students study almost every time in a day so that he or she can know more about the history. No student will be successful in this field without knowing the background so apart from the tuition notes, students must be self-confident as well as determined and he or she must know how to study and prepare the answers on own because the motive of English as a literature is to increase one's limitation of thought so that he or she can analyses the major and minor things of everyday life.
Remember this line, ? Literature is called the mirror of the society?.
What to read in English Literature(B.A.) actually ?
The syllabus of English Honours is quite long and very complicated to understand that consists of drama, novel, short story, epic, essay, and various forms of poetry like sonnet, elegy, lyric, satire, mock epic, etc.
Basically you need to study the literary works of Indian, American and British writers like William Shakespeare, Virginia Woolf, Herge, Derozio, Walt Whitman, William Faulkner, Charles Dickens, T.S. Eliot, Charlotte Bronte, Agatha Christie, Toru Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore and other eminent writers of different ages. Students will have to read not only about the writers and their writings but also the socio-cultural factors of those very ages.
Who should pursue English literature in college ?
1) Students need to have the habit of reading a lot of books and understand the relevance for each context.
2) Students have to be expressive so that they can point out and show every important facts of the texts.
3) Those students can join who love to read out of their syllabus just to know more because here you need to know every minute detail of the history.
4) Students must have the knowledge to compare among the topics so that they can relate and differentiate each and every detail.
5) This is the subject for History-lovers. Students of English literature will have to know the history and location of every place.
Post updated on: Aug 1, 2021 9:15:00 AM
We all know that Pohela Boishakh is celebrated on the first day of Bengali month Boishakh (14th/15th April) by the whole Bengali community but many of us don't know how it started.
So to find out, let's look back into the Mughal Period when common people used to pay their taxes according to Islamic Calendar. They faced quite a lot of difficulties while following the Islamic Calendar because the tax collection date kept falling at any time of the year and King Akbar was the first Mughal Emperor who decided to create a new calendar mixing the Islamic Lunar Calendar and the Solar Calendar that was named Lunisolar Calendar. That creation of Akbar has solved everyone's problem.
Again, many historians believe that the Bengali Calendar was first introduced in the 7th Century while King Shashanka ruled Bengal but it is quite certain that the celebration of Bengali New Year was started in the time of King Akbar.
However, Bangladesh modified the calendar in 1966 and later declared it as their official calendar in 1987. Where West Bengal, Odisha, Tripura celebrate Bengali New Year on 15th April, Bangladesh celebrates it on 14th April. Other regions like Punjab, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Assam also celebrate their new years as Vaishakhi Festival, Ugadi, Vishnu, Puthandu, Bohag Bihu respectively.
Post updated on: Jul 31, 2021 1:47:09 AM
Fairs are the actual beauty, if you think,
Blue eyes are the actual beauty, if you say,
Pink lips are the actual beauty, if you know,
Golden hairs are the actual beauty, if you tell,
Beauty slandered with a illegitimate shame !
Beauty has no definition itself ;
It may be dark or blur,
It may be natural or artificial,
who cares?
You care, care for the artificiality ;
You don't pay heed to the natural :
It has become devalued, even disgraced.
Oh ! Do you think of the modern fashion?
The well-suited black eyes?
Yes, now every tongue tries to redefine.
Anuska Kundu
Post updated on: Jul 30, 2021 1:34:35 AM
It was January 2019, when I first decided to take care of nature's most precious gift. As we know, these days it is called fearless behaviour to kill animals and being one of the most wonderful creatures on this planet, we love to hurt the weakest ones but exceptional is everywhere. Since I am a human, I also had the similar habit of harming the weak ones but one morning, I suddenly heard a sound of crying, and gradually that sound became stronger. No more thinking! I rushed towards the sound and saw a little white dog lying on the ground.
I love animals but I never thought of their hardships of fighting with this barbaric world. But now the dog's current situation made me cry, the puppy was hurt and screaming: we needed to help her. The screaming of the puppy forced everyone to go near her but no one came forward to help her (the little dog was a female). Somehow I believed, ?every small entity has its own value? and I was 17 years old when I first realized the pain of the animals through the puppy and took him in my arms. She was about 1 month old and she was dying, I didn't know what to do. My parents were against me: ?Why take on the responsibility of others when you know that you will not get any benefit from them??
The shade of that puppy was unique, it seemed that God blended the colours white and peach perfectly. One of my neighbours told me to use a mixture of turmeric and lime in her wound. Since I brought that helpless and almost dead animal from outside, I was not allowed to enter my house, so I tried to collect those things from outside. That day I understood that human beings have the worst mentality and felt lucky that I was not like them. When I went to use the mixture, I thought, how is this dog alive so far? The wound was so deep and severe as if someone hit her with a hot iron rod. She was screaming strangely as if she was trying to name those who had beaten her.
I had no idea about their names but I understood that they are not human. There is no humanity in their souls. No one came to support me even after hearing the horrible screams of the puppy. By then the puppy's cries had not stopped, rather increased. People were telling me that the dog had no probability to survive, she would die in a few moments. Still I was trying to save the dog without listening to any of them. I realized that her bright eyes were asking for help from me, she needed to survive, she had to play, she wanted to enjoy her short life with glee.
I understood the language of her eyes and did not follow the words of the people. I realized that if I helped her, she would get a chance to play again. She was crying even more when I was using the yellow-lime mixture. That dog was suffering from a pain just as a fish suffers when it comes out of water. However, I used that mixture because I had no other way. Her screams had not stopped yet and now I started to accept in the same way that she won?t live anymore. I was devastated to think that I might not have the power to save someone. The road was empty, everyone understood that she would never get her life back.
I had no choice but to return home but I couldn't leave the dog so I came back with the half-dead animal. When I entered, my mother strictly said that if I entered with this injured animal, she would leave the house. So I left with that puppy. I didn't understand where I was going with the helpless little dog but I decided if the injured dog could not enter my house I would stay away from there indefinitely. I can't be so selfish! I can?t ignore my responsibilities as a human being! I went to a lake far from home and sat there.
The little dog was breathing till then but I was crying to see her in pain. I would probably die with my dog that day if my dad hadn't come there. I started to see all the people with the dog's eyes and that was terrible. Suddenly I saw my father standing in front of the dog, I was scared. At that moment I realized my father's hand on my shoulder and was shocked. I felt those hands like the light in the dimness. Then my father requested me to go back and I did that because I was worried about my wounded puppy.
As soon as we entered, I looked for my mom but could not see her. I asked my father about mom but he stood silent. The puppy began to cry suddenly and I asked my father for some food because she was hungry. We gave her milk to drink but she did not drink that. She did not take any single bite for 3 days consistently and I became tired; I cut down all my hopes as I could not see my mom for 3 days and that puppy also was not eating anything.
Now my father also told me to leave that dog but I cannot be like that! So one day I took her to a veterinarian and brought the medicines and foods with my pocket-money which I saved for my future needs. Apart from the wound, she had problems in liver and skin. I returned home and told my father everything, he scolded me and said, ?why are you wasting your money? You saved that for your own.?
But I could not make anyone realize that the puppy became so close to me as I could feel her pain, her heart-beat, her language so how could I be so careless??? I used to cry every night for my mom and that puppy. One morning, my father told me, leaving our house, mom went to her father's house. I could not tolerate these things anymore and went there on my foot; I walked for 4 hours consistently to reach there as I spent my whole savings to bring her life back so I had no money to ride any vehicle.
I missed my mom for like 10 days and seeing her in front of me, I could not hold my emotions and kept requesting her to go back home. Now, mom became quite emotional and I could see her love for me in her eyes. I became quite happy to get my mom back and the puppy was recovering also. Suddenly I don't know what happened but my parents started to take care of that child during my absence. The medicines were working well on her health and I felt that my sacrifice had not been in vain. My puppy started to eat and it made me happy as well as satisfied.
I thought that everything would be fine within a few months and then I would leave her to her mommy but things did not go smoothly. One morning, I noticed that her wound turned into a big hole and I became silent for some time as my mind got blank. My father poured phenyl into the wound without any delay and I became very enraged to see that torture. I left home again but this time I was alone.
I was at my friend's home for 7 days and decided to leave my parents forever. I could not live with those people who never tried to understand my feelings and who did not take responsibility as a human being. And I also decided to work for street-animals without anyone's help. I missed and cried for my puppy so much for those 7 days. One night, I woke up from sleep crying, yes I dreamt. I saw that people were burning street-animals alive and that dream affected me. I was getting into depression but I never thought that I had made any mistake. Then one morning, my parents called my friend and told her as if I returned home.
I had no will to return but I agreed because I wanted to see my puppy if she was dead or alive. So I returned and saw my puppy jumping on the floor as children jump when they feel happy. After seeing her, I forgot all of my frustrations. At that moment I was shocked also how the puppy got her life back. Then my father took her in his lap and told me everything which happened in the last 10 days.
After listening to everything, I felt that yes! My parents love me for whatever I am otherwise they never took care of the puppy in my absence. That day, I cried embracing my mom, I felt guilty that I could not understand her love for me. Meanwhile, I named my puppy: Rancho. But the problems did not end here. After a few months, Rancho got sick again: she could not see anything with one of her eyes. Neighbours kept saying again that she would be blind so we should leave her alone in the street. Rancho became like my child and my all-time partner. So how could I leave her when she needed us the most? Again I consulted a vet but the medicines were not working so I had decided to arrange an eye operation for her. I had sold my gold earrings as I was not agreed to take money from my parents: Rancho is my responsibility.
And after the operation, her eyes became normal and more bright. It feels lucky that I could be able to bring her eye-sight back. She was happy with us and she used to lick everyone who had come to our house. But after 6 months, her stomach trouble had been found and my parents and I also became the victims of skin disease. Then everyone in my neighbourhood stopped talking to us because they thought that Rancho was responsible for it but it was not true. We got an allergy which was cured after some days. But Rancho became sicker so now my father decided to do her full check-up and 3 deadly diseases were found but as it was not so late, we could make her cure.
The whole society stood against us and left us alone because we tried to help her life. We tried to convince them but they never listened to us. This time I became so aware of the nature of human society who had not spared even a little soul . Faced with so many problems, we never looked backward to save that precious life. Instead of blaming me, my parents started to be proud of me because I am not like other kids who say their parents don't like animals and may have scolded them for bringing street animals to home. Gradually the puppy became free from all diseases and she took about 6 months to return to her beautiful life.
Meanwhile, she became a member of the family; my parents had no more problems with her. Then suddenly we realized that the puppy has grown up into a beautiful, delighted dog and she always wagged her tail. As days passed, the neighbours also started to love her because of her disposition and cuteness. Now it has been almost 2 years since she lives with us and we spend each and every free time with her.
I fall more in love with her intelligence that she never bothers me when I do something important and she knows how to wait. She waves her tail every time she sees a man and runs towards the man to spread more love. When I call my parents, my puppy also copies me. Now I cannot think my life without her and when I hear that someone wants to take a street dog home but he can?t because his parents don?t like it, I take it as an excuse to give up his responsibilities as a human being.
So if we all can love and serve the street animals from the deepest core of our hearts, we will be able to make them as well as ourselves happy forever and our parents will also understand it as they love their children the most.
Post updated on: Jul 29, 2021 9:17:14 AM
Cambridge History Of English Literature tells us what the English feel about a native writer.
＂Despite the spread of the knowledge of English among the educated classes of India, Indians wrote comparatively little that can be regarded as permanent additions to English literature. The adoption of English as the language of the universities had the altogether unexpected, though in every way desirable, result of revivifying the vernaculars. Stimulated by English literature and English knowledge,Bankim Chandra Chatterji,the first graduate of Calcutta University, created Bengali fiction. Under the influence of the works of Scott, he wrote successful historical novels, and followed these with novels of Indian social life.Bankim, undoubtedly, was the first creative genius who sprang from the Indian renascence brought about in the nineteenth century by the introduction of English education. But he deliberately turned his face away from all attempts to gain a reputation as an English writer."
Indian fiction in English exploded in the mid-80s. But with passage of time the Indian novel in English has become thoroughly Indian in terms of themes, techniques, National awakening.
With a process of an immense social transition of nineteenth century, India required a renewed approach to the pre modern literary cultures. In the nineteenth century, with the publications of Kylas Chandner A Journal of Forty Eight Hours, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee?s Rajmohan?s Wife (1864) and Lal Behari?s Govinda Samanta (1874), the Indian novel in English has grown. It is customary to consider 1930s to be the ?take-off? decade for the Indian novel in English?.
But the conception of the two major novels, Durgeshnandini and Kopalkundala took place, though they were to be published much later than Rajmohan's Wife, Durgeshnandini in 1865, and Kopalkundala In 1866. Meanwhile, two years ago, In 1864 when Bankimchandra wrote his first English novel, Rajmohan's wife, which was published serially In Indian Field. According to scholars? speculation the reason for this might be that Bankim was hesitant about the reception of Bengali novel with the literate Bengali society of the time.
Bankimchandra is quoted to have said to Shrishchandra Majumder that he was always more comfortable in expressing himself in the medium of English rather than in Bengali. However his first English novel, Rajmohan's Wife, was also to be his last in English, a medium he abandoned as a means of his literary expression, especially the novel. For Bankim ardently held fast to the idealism that an Indian writer's chief concern ought to be in enriching the Indian literature written in the medium of the native tongue.
Bankim abandoned his creative project in English altogether and went on to write novels and discursive prose in Bangla. Meanwhile those critics who made dismissive references to the English novel, designating as a ?false start'.
Jogesh Chandra Bagal was of the opinion :
* Bankim's literary temperament could not be satisfied with writing fiction in English...and he began writing Durgeshnandini?.
The record would be considered faulty if we fail to take a note of the importance of the twist in history, Rajmohan's Wife Bankim's first English novel, was famously discovered , recovered and restored by an extraordinary stroke of luck owing to a binder's fault. The 1864 issues of the journal, Hindu Patriot, contained a few numbers of the weekly magazine, The Indian Field, which were bound to the former Inadvertently by the binder and these issues had all but the first three chapters of Roimohon's wife. It was Brajendranath Banerjee who found the incomplete version of Rajmohan and took the initiative of re-translating the first three missing chapters from Banklmchandra?s own incomplete Bengali translation of his English novel and thus came out Rajmohan's Wife, as we know it, in 1935. This Interesting publication history behind Bankim's debut novel is fairly well-known today. As Amitrasudan Bhattacharya says in his Bankim Life ? লেখক নিজে এই উপন্যাসটি সাময়িকভাবে মুদ্রিত হাওয়ার পর আর কখনোই গ্রন্থাকারে প্রকাশ করেননি। বঙ্কিম এই উপন্যাসটি কথা পরে আর কখনো তেমনভাবে উল্লেখ করেননি । Bankim, Instead, dedicated himself wholeheartedly to the enrichment of his mother tongue, as we all know.
What we need to remember is that in the middle of the 19-century when Rajmohan was written, Mulk Raj Anand, Raja Rao and R. K. Narayan were not born yet. Naturally, therefore, we hold that Rajmohan is Banklmchandra's first signature creation, his brand identity.
It is commonly held that Durgeshnandini is Bankim's first fictional masterpiece and the last ls Rajsingha. Parmanand Srivastava in his 'Bamkimchanda and the Indian Novel' refers Durgeshnandini as Bankim's ?very first novel.? and because of this misconception (in our opinion this is certainly a misconception), a major work of Bankim such as Rajmohan has never been given any serious thought by Bankim scholars, Bengali critics and readers.
What we wish to stress here is that it is Rajmohan's Wife and certainly not Durgeshnandini with which began the Journey of the Bankim novel. Unfortunately though it is chiefly a forgotten novel, forgotten by Bankim himself and overlooked by critics and scholars largely.
In Matangini, Bankim creates a stereotype which is perpetuated in Bankim novels-from the first to the last. We get, for instance, traces of Matagini In his novel Durgeshnandini, In Bimala. Again , we discover Matangini in the last novel of Bankim, in his Nirmalakumari in Rajsingha. Again in Rajmohan's wife, Suki's mother is like Phulmani Napitani in Debi Chowdhurani. These minor characters of Bankim get his finer touch of character delineation.
The very special brand of Bankim prose with its resonance and its decorative, intricate and subtle nuances and their lingering exuberance is created for the first time by Bankim in his Rajmohan's Wife.
Minakshi Mukherjee thinks that though this novel of Bankim ?got overshadowed by the fourteen powerful novels he subsequently wrote in Bengali?, she observes , ?Yet this story of the beautiful and passionate Matangini married to the villainous Rajmohan is astonishingly rich in detail, especially in descriptions of the interiors and the quotidian routine of women's lives in an East Bengali village?
But Bankimchandra never once thought of revoking his ruthless decision of banishing Rajmohan's wife to the world of oblivion. Our gratitude for the preservation and restoration of Rajmohan's Wife must go to that unknown employee of that printing house for his fortuitous and fortunate act of binding-error which he unwittingly committed that day. It is certainly our noble duty today to make a handsome atonement for our myopic indifference towards this work of Bankim only because it is written in English.
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is one of the leading names in Bengali Classical literary stage and this work ?Rajmohan?s Wife? is his only novel in English. So the complete novels of Bankimchandra do not consist of fourteen,but fifteen novels, starting with Rajmohan?s wife. I have mentioned a few number of reasons why he did not not continue writing in English. What we need today is a fresh retrospect of Rajmohan's Wife In the fresh light of the present times. Every Indian should know about this first Indian English novel and also should read this earliest specimen of Bankimchandra. If we don't read Rajmohan's Wife , we will not realize the beauty of essence of this novel.
Post updated on: Jul 27, 2021 3:03:45 AM
The SSC result of 2021 has led everyone in a confusion with the 198 marks given to almost 100 students in class X.
This marks allotment gives a glimpse that the students with 198 grace marks have not scored any single point in their class 9 final exams and class 10 unit tests and internals but obtained a degree with the support of their schools. Here the senior board official quoted, ? Giving 198 grace marks means that the students have not secured a single mark in their class 9 and class 10 unit exams. This is a difficult feat to achieve as even the poorest students will take two to four exams. Alternatively, there is a possibility that these students were just enrolled and did not attend school at all.?
So besides the students, the mystery remains unsolved to the officials also as to how the 100 students were not in the queue where around 1.6 lakh students obtained 60 grace marks and around 45,000 students were given between 60 and 100 grace marks.
Post updated on: Jul 25, 2021 9:45:28 AM
Elizabethan Sonnet Sequences
A sonnet refers to a poem of fourteen lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme. Poets of Elizabethan time are mainly concerned with the subject of love. There are two major rhyme schemes in sonnet written in English :
1) Italian / Petrarchan sonnet
2) English / Shakespearean sonnet
Originally an Italian form 'sonetto', meaning 'a little sound', the sonnet has remained vital since its development in the 13th century. Francesco Petrarch was one of the former original masters; in the 14th century, the Italian poet brought the sonnet to prominence through the poems he wrote in admiration of a woman named Laura.
The Petrarchan sonnet, like all true sonnets, consists of fourteen lines. The first eight lines comprise the octave and the final six form the sestet. The volta, or the poem?s turn, typically appears at the beginning of the sestet and introduces a markedly different tone from that of the octave. Finally, the sestet offers reflection on and sometimes resolution to the conflict of the poem. The lines are in iambic pentameter and the rhyme scheme is generally one of the following two patterns: ABBA ABBA CDECDE or ABBA ABBA CDCDCD.
Shakespeare's sonnets are considered a continuation of the sonnet tradition that swept through the Renaissance from Petrarch in 14th-century Italy and was finally introduced in 16th-century England by Thomas Wyatt and was given its rhyming meter and division into quatrains by Henry Howard.
The phrase "Elizabethan sonnet sequences" refers to the series of English sonnets written by various prominent practitioners in the Elizabethan era, such as William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, and Edmund Spenser. Shakespeare's sonnet sequence includes 154 sonnets. Spenser's main sonnet series is a collection entitled Amoretti and Sidney's most famous sonnet series is entitled Astrophel and Stella.
However, the form of the Shakespearean sonnet differs from that of the Petrarchan model. Although Shakespeare's lines are iambic pentameter, his sonnets are made up of three quatrains and a final couplet, and his rhyme scheme is as follows: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. He also departs from Petrarch?s tendency to idealize the object of his affection.
Shakespearean Sonnets and Sonnet 127
The Sonnets are Shakespeare's most popular works, and a few of them, such as Sonnet18, Sonnet 116,Sonnet 73, and sonnet 130 have become the most widely-read poems in all of English literature.
Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets, all of his sonnets are unconventional in their approach and likely composed over an extended period from 1592 to 1598.In 1609 Thomas Thorpe published Shakespeare's sonnets.
The majority of the sonnets (1-126) are addressed to a young man, his fair friend to ensure his immortality. The final sonnets (127-154) are addressed to a promiscuous woman known to modern readers as the dark lady.
Sonnet 127 of Shakespeare's sonnets (1609) is the first of the Dark Lady sequence(sonnets 127?152). Shakespeare admits that his beloved is not an conventional beauty but for him, she is beautiful and the poems make it clear that the speaker's mistress has black hair and eyes and dark skin means through his verse, Shakespeare established a new convention. Time has changed, now beauty is not only judged by skin complexion. After all, in the dark lady sequence , Shakespeare used a sort of mockery against the Petrarchan conventions and his sonnet 127 is no exception of that.
Central Idea of Sonnet 127
In Sonnet 127, the speaker finds himself attracted to a woman who is not beautiful in the conventional sense, here he tries to give a newer definition of true beauty and explains it by declaring that because of cosmetics, true beauty has been called into question. The poet tries to re-define the actual beauty by striking of the conventional beauty. He is voicing like someone who is trying to defend of natural beauty which may not be perfect , still being original is beautiful.
Analysis of 1st Quatrain
"In the old age black was not counted fair,"
In ancient times, a dark complexion was not considered beautiful or attractive, rather fair complexion was considered beautiful.
"Or if it were, it bore not beauty's name;"
Or if anyone thought that they were beautiful, they never called them beautiful.
"But now is black beauty's successive heir,"
The dark complexion which was never considered beautiful, now gained a legitimate figure.
"And beauty slandered with a bastard shame:"
That means the fair complexion that used to be called beautiful have gotten a bad reputation. The "bastard shame" is the product of art. Beauty and Nature are slandered by the artificial asserting in effect that art is better than nature.
In the old age..... - Past tense.
........black....... - This word presents personification. The poet is trying to personify black skin tone with the word black.
........................fair - presents pun. Here fair has two meanings. Fairness as an abstract quality and fair complexion.
But now...... (present tense) - The old age is over.
But now is black beauty's successive heir - This statement presents hyperbaton.
Successive heir - legitimate child.
But now is black beauty's successive heir.... - Successive heir means one who deserves to succeed by virtue of inheritance. Here the notion of inheritance is used metaphorically in the sonnet. The "black" is called the legitimate heir (with a possible pun on "hair") of beauty.
.......bastard... - Here the notion of bastardy is used metaphorically in the sonnet. Shakespeare used a very bold term - bastard - to highlight the fact that an artificial beauty that's bastard can never be legitimate.
Slandered - Disgrace.
Black-fairheir-bastard - Shakespeare used a sort of contrasting words.
Black, bore, beauty, Bastard - These words present alliteration(repetition of the consonantal sound B).
In this quatrain, the poetic tone is defensive and very shrewdly trying to establish the unconventional skin tone, Black that is the unconventional beauty and trying to highlight the fact that fairness is not always beautiful.
Analysis of 2nd Quatrain
"For since each hand hath put on Nature's power,"
These days, everyone has seized the power to make themselves beautiful so now everyone does nature's work on their own. That is ironical.
"Fairing the foul with Art's false borrowed face,"
Even ugly people can be beautiful or can make themselves fair by artificial materials means the standard for "beauty" has lost its naturalness, probably because of the use of wigs and hair dye, rouges, lipsticks, and mascara.
"Sweet beauty hath no name, no holy bower,"
For the artificial means, true beauty doesn?t exist anymore. None can legitimately be called beautiful. In fact, natural beauty has no exclusive name, no sanctuary all her own.
"But is profaned, if not lives in disgrace."
But true beauty has become devalued, even disgraced. It is not clear what is the worse penalty, to be pronounced profane, or to live in disgrace. Here Art has disgraced Nature by making false effigies of beauty. Disgrace could also mean 'to make ugly, to disfigure'.
Each hand hath......... (anyone can) - Presents synecdoche.
........Nature's power - Beauty is totally depends on nature and only the nature possess the ability to build the true beauty.
....hath.... - Archaism of 'has'.
Fairing the foul..... - Making beautiful what is ugly.
....Art's false borrowed face - The artificial face (pretended beauty) that is put on by the use of cosmetics and the skilful application of them.
Sweet beauty - True beauty which is always called the natural beauty, fresh and pleasant.
Bower - Residence.
Profaned - Neglected.
Fairing, foul, face - Alliteration (repetition of the consonantal sound F).
Beauty, bower - Alliteration (repetition of the consonantal sound B).
Nature-art, holy-profane - Here the poet again used the contrasting words.
In this quatrain, a tricky tone is noticed. The poet indirectly mocks the Petrarchan conceptions not any individual person as the olden ideology tries to transform their outlook by artificiality.
Analysis of 3rd Quatrain
"Therefore my mistress' eyes are raven black,"
The speaker then introduces his mistress as a raven-haired beauty with dark eyes(a natural image). Her beauty represents honesty.
"Her eyes so suited, and they mourners seem" - Run on line.
"At such who, not born fair, no beauty lack," - Run on line.
"Sland'ring creation with a false esteem:" - Enjambment.
The poet insists that her naturalness is dark and it has now become so fashionable that common opinion has swung round to believe that dark beauties alone are truly beautiful. And in their darkness, they seem to be lamenting those people who were born ugly but make themselves beautiful. The poet believes that naturalness does not lack beauty and believes that nature is slandered when attempts are made to crush naturalness into a false concept of beauty. He disdains such actions and will condemn them at every opportunity.
Therefore, Here comes the volta (the turning point).
....my mistress.... - Subjective in tone.
.......raven black - presents metaphor.
Sland'ring - Reproaching.
Esteem - Value.
Her eyes so suited, and they mourners seem - presents run on line.
At such who, not born fair, no beauty lack, - presents run on line.
Sland'ring creation with a false esteem: - presents enjambment.
In this quatrain, the poetic tone is changed into subjectivity. The poet believes that his beloved is maintaining her natural looks and actually puts the false beauty to shame.
Analysis of the Final Couplet
"Yet so they mourn becoming of their woe,
That every tongue says beauty should look so."
Natural and Untouched (Theme) -
But her black eyes lament so beautifully, that everyone is saying that that's how beauty should look. Here the poet re-establishes the natural beauty.
..........woe - Misfortune.
.....becoming of their woe - evokes the imagery of a face, its eyes big and brimming with tears.
...every tongue says.....(every man says) - Presents part for whole.
In the final couplet, the argument of the poem seems to be that his beloved is dark because it is symbolic of a mourning for the debasement of true beauty. The dark-haired, dark-skinned beauties do not mourn to be light-haired and light-skinned because they are able to demonstrate true, natural beauty that makes people realize that all beauty should be natural and untouched. The speaker then asserts that natural beauty is the standard and everybody knows it. He therefore feels that his passion for her is justified.
Critical Assessment
Sonnet 127 is the beginning of the Dark Lady sonnet sequence which ended with the final sonnet 154. This sonnet is a complaint against artificiality. The poem shows that even if the writers' mistress is no prettiness of her time his love for her is very strong. The 127th sonnet of this sequence might also tell that Shakespeare contradicts with the existing ideal of beauty.
Shakespeare prefers to keep his quatrains district by putting a punctuation point at the end of each. He seldom works with enjambments and other figures of speech and prefers to make each line an idea or point. Also, "he is very fond of the clinching final couplet". The quatrains possess the rhyme scheme of an alternate rhyme (ABAB CDCD EFEF) and the couplet is a rhyming one (GG). Shakespeare ever used this traditional sonnet form, which he never varied, except by repeating a rhyme. Every rhyme in this sonnet is also an end rhyme and a perfect rhyme. The consonance of words is mainly masculine, except lines eight and twelve. There the rhymed words are feminine: "disgrace" and "esteem".
There are several common themes in Sonnet 127 and Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare. I will draw a simple comparison between sonnet 127 and 130 which is part of our syllabus. Shakespeare demonstrated a well-developed capacity of wit insight the sonnets; the humorous observations about love, friendship, and life itself entertain the readers. Such in the case with two of Shakespeare's love poems, "Sonnet 127" and "Sonnet 130", the subject is parody of the Petrarchan convention of exaggerated appraisal of his beloved. What makes the sonnets remarkable, and "Sonnet 127" and "Sonnet 130" exemplary, is that they challenge the traditional sonnet form and meaning, which was established and perfected by Shakespeare's predecessors and contemporaries, Petrarch, Sidney, and Spenser the most notable examples among them. In these sonnets, Shakespeare speaks of the naturalness of her eyes, lips, breasts, hair, cheeks, odour, voice, movement, skin tone and both of the couplets emphatically asserts that her dark lady is a newer definition of true beauty.
Post updated on: Jul 24, 2021 3:13:47 AM
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