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Red Sea
It (also the Erythraean Sea) is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
The connection to the ocean is in the south through the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.
To the north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and the Gulf of Suez (leading to the Suez Canal).
Bordering countries are:
Eastern shore: Saudi Arabia, Yemen
Western shore: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti.
Volcanoes in News
1. Mt. Sinabung - Indonesia
2. Mt. Etna - Italy
3. Mt. Mauna Kea, Mt. Mauna loa - Hawaii Island
4. Mt. Agung - Indonesia (island of Bali).
5. Mt. Merapi - Indonesia
6. Taal Volcano - Philippines
NOTE: India?s only active volcano is located in Barren island of Andaman.
News
? The Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) ?Sajag? got commissioned into the Indian Coast Guard.
? National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit Doval on said that the force will have greater responsibilities in the years to come as India?s maritime zones expand to include entitlements in the extended continental shelf.
? The Coast Guard plays an important role in supporting neighbouring countries in the Indian Ocean Region.
? The concept of forming the Coast Guard was conceived after the 1971 war, when it was assessed that maritime borders are equally vital as land borders. The blueprint for a multi-dimension Coast Guard was conceived by the visionary Rustamji Committee.
Indian Coast Guard
? The Indian Coast Guard is a multi-mission organization, conducting round-the-year real-life operations at sea.
? The Indian Coast Guard was formally established on 1 February 1977 by the Coast Guard Act, 1978 of the Parliament of India.
? It operates under the Ministry of Defence.
United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS)
? UNCLOS is the only international convention that stipulates a framework for state jurisdiction in maritime spaces.
? It provides the backbone for offshore governance by coastal states and those navigating the oceans.
About Maritime Zones:
? ?Nag Committee? was set up in 1970, to examine the growing menace of smuggling and recommended the need for a separate marine force to deal with smuggling activities.
? In 1972, the United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS) awarded Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) to all coastal states.
? United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also known as Law of the Sea divides marine areas into five main zones namely- Internal Waters, Territorial Sea, Contiguous Zone, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), and the High Seas.
Different Maritime Zones
Baseline
? It is the low-water line along the coast as officially recognized by the coastal state.
1. Internal Waters:
? Internal waters are waters on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
? Each coastal state has full sovereignty over its internal waters as like its land territory. Examples of internal waters include bays, ports, inlets, rivers and even lakes that are connected to the sea.
2. Territorial Sea:
? The territorial sea extends seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its baselines.
? A nautical mile is based on the circumference of the earth and is equal to one minute of latitude. It is slightly more than a land measured mile (1 nautical mile = 1.1508 land miles or 1.85 km).
? The coastal states have sovereignty and jurisdiction over the territorial sea.
? These rights extend not only on the surface but also to the seabed, subsoil, and even airspace.
3. Contiguous Zone:
? The contiguous zone extends seaward up to 24 nm from its baselines.
? It is an intermediary zone between the territorial sea and the high seas.
? The coastal state has the right to both prevent and punish infringement of fiscal, immigration, sanitary, and customs laws within its territory and territorial sea.
?, Unlike the territorial sea, the contiguous zone only gives jurisdiction to a state on the ocean?s surface and floor. It does not provide air and space rights.
4. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
? Each coastal State may claim an EEZ beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines.
? Within its EEZ, a coastal state has:
> Sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing natural resources, whether living or nonliving, of the seabed and subsoil.
> Rights to carry out activities like the production of energy from the water, currents and wind.
? Unlike the territorial sea and the contiguous zone, the EEZ only allows for the above-mentioned resource rights. It does not give a coastal state the right to prohibit or limit freedom of navigation or overflight, subject to very limited exceptions.
Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana📚
Militarisation of the Arctic
Why in News?
13 states have started distributing foodgrains under the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Ann Yojana (PMGKAY)
Key Highlights
✨On April 23, the government had announced its decision to restart the PMGKAY to provide free-of-cost additional 5 kg foodgrains per person per month to the beneficiaries, who are covered under the National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA, 2013) over and above their monthly entitlement for two months, May and June.
✨However, the new version of the PMGKAY lacks one of its important components?free-of-cost 1 kg pulses per month to each household covered under the NFSA.
Background
✨The PMGKAY was first announced by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman as part of the government?s Rs 1.70 lakh crore relief package under ?Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana for the poor to help them fight the battle against coronavirus? on March 26, 2020.
✨Initially, the scheme was for three months ? May, June and July ? but later it was extended till November 2020.
✨The Centre had also launched a separate scheme to provide free 5 kg foodgrain per person per month to stranded migrants for two months.
✨However, the ministry has ruled out the possibility of a similar scheme this time.
About One Nation One Ration Card Scheme
✨Under the scheme, public distribution system (PDS) beneficiaries will be able to draw ration from any biometric verification enabled fair price shop across states and Union territories covered by it.
✨According to the ministry, all states and union territories except four ? Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi and West Bengal ? have implemented the scheme.
January 30: World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day💎
Why in News
✨The ongoing 74th World Health Assembly declared 30th January as ?World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day.
✨The proposal to recognise the day was floated by the United Arab Emirates. It was adopted unanimously by the delegates. The first World NTD Day was celebrated informally in 2020.
The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of World Health Organization (WHO).
Key Points
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD):
✨NTDs are a group of infections that are most common among marginalised communities in the developing regions of Africa, Asia and the Americas. They are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms.
✨NTDs are especially common in tropical areas where people do not have access to clean water or safe ways to dispose of human waste.
✨These diseases generally receive less funding for research and treatment than malaises like tuberculosis, HIV-AIDS and malaria.
Examples of NTDs are: snakebite envenomation, scabies, yaws, trachoma, Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease etc.
✨London Declaration on NTDs:
✨It was adopted on 30th January, 2012 to recognise the global burden of NTDs.
✨Officials from the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, representatives from leading global pharmaceutical companies as well as representatives of several national governments met at London?s Royal College of physicians to pledge to end the diseases.
WHO?s New Roadmap for 2021?2030:
✨From measuring process to measuring impact.
From disease-specific planning and programming to collaborative work across sectors.
✨From externally driven agendas reliant to programmes that are country-owned and country-financed.
NTD Scenario:
✨NTDs affect more than a billion people globally.
✨They are preventable and treatable. However, these diseases - and their intricate interrelationships with poverty and ecological systems - continue to cause devastating health, social and economic consequences.
✨There are 20 NTDs that impact over 1.7 billion people worldwide.
✨India carries the largest burden of at least 11 of these diseases, with parasitic illnesses like kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis affecting millions of people throughout the country ? often the poorest and most vulnerable.
Indian Initiatives to Eliminate NTDs:
✨The Accelerated Plan for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (APELF) was launched in 2018, as part of intensifying efforts towards the elimination of NTDs.
✨A WHO-supported regional alliance established by the governments of India, Bangladesh, and Nepal in 2005 to expedite early diagnosis and treatment of the most vulnerable populations and improve disease surveillance and control of sandfly populations (Kala-azar).
✨India has already eliminated several other NTDs, including guinea worm, trachoma, and yaws.
one of the oldest stone Buddhist monuments in India stands inside an ancient Buddhist complex, situated on top of a hill in Sanchi.
The Great Stupa at Sanchi, also known as Stupa No.1, was commissioned by the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, in the 3rd century BCE. With a height of 54 feet and a pedestal diameter of 120 feet, it is one of the largest of its kind in India.
The grand structure still inspires today surrounded by the remains of smaller stupas, monasteries, and temples that were built as the religious community grew in the centuries after the site was founded.
TORANAS:
The Great Stupa?s four elaborately-carved Toranas (gateways), one in each direction, were erected around 35 BCE.
Elephants support the architraves above the columns, while there are delicately carved Yakshis (maidens) on each side. The beautifully carved figure of a Yakshi hanging from an architrave on the Eastern Gateway is one of Sanchi?s best-known images.
The numerous panels relate various events of the life of the Buddha. Ashoka?s life as a Buddhist, with scenes of the Buddha?s birth and another representation of the Great Departure.
Sanchi Stupa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, a landmark structure in tracing the evolution of Indian architecture starting with the Maurya period - is 48km from Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
Post updated on: Jun 6, 2021 8:21:05 AM
List of National Parks in India part 1
Ladakh -
Hemis National Park 1981
🧿Arunachal Pradesh -
1. Mouling National Park
2.Namdapha National Park 1983
🧿Andhra Pradesh
1. Papikonda National Park 2008
2. Rajiv Gandhi (Rameswaram) National Park 2005
3. Sri Venkateswara National Park 1989
🧿Assam
1.Dibru-Saikhowa National Park 1999
2. Kaziranga National Park 1974
3. Manas National Park 1990
4. Nameri National Park 1998
5. Rajiv Gandhi Orang National Park 1999
🧿Andaman & Nicobar Islands
1.Campbell Bay National Park 1992
2. Galathea Bay National Park 1992
3.Mahatama Gandhi Marine (Wandoor) National Park1982
4. Middle Button Island National Park 1987
5. Mount Harriett National Park 1987
6. North Button Island National Park 1987
7. Rani Jhansi Marine National Park 1996
8. Saddle Peak National Park 1987
9. South Button Island National Park 1987
🧿Chhattisgarh
1. Guru Ghasidas (Sanjay) National Park 1981
2. Indravati (Kutru) National Park 1982
3. Kanger Valley National Park 1982
🧿Bihar
1.Valmiki National Park 1989
1. Karnataka
A. National park in Karnataka
1. Rajiv Gandhi (Nagarahole) National Park ( 1998)
2. Kudremukh National Park ( 1987 )
3. Bannerghatta National Park ( 1974 )
4. Bandipur National Park ( 1974 )
5. Anshi National Park ( 1987 )
B. Seats
Lok Sabha ? 28
Rajya Sabha ? 12
C. UNESCO Heritage Sites
1. Group of Monuments at Hampi
2. Group of Monuments at Pattadakal
3. Western Ghats (Shared Site)
D. Famous Temples
1. Udupi Sri Krishna Matha
2. The Marikamba Temple at Sirsi
3. The Sri Manjunatha Temple at Dharmasthala
4. Kukke Subramanya Temple and Sharadamba Temple at Shringeri
5. Shravanabelagola, Mudabidri and Karkala are famous for Jain history and monuments.
6. Kudalasangama and Basavana Bagewadi are holy sites of Lingayats.
E. Festivals
1. Hampi Festival
2. Gowri Festival
3. Kambala Festival
4. Pongal
5. Pattadakal Dance Festival
F. Dance
1. Kuchipudi ( Classical Dance)
G. Dams in Karnataka
1. Krishna Raja Sagar
2. Tungabhadra Dam
3. Vani Vilasa Sagara
4. Almatti Dam
5. Hemavati Dam
H. Some Famous Personalities
1. Shakuntala Devi ? Famously known as Human-Computer
2. RK Laxman ? Cartoonist
3. Basavaraj Rajaguru ? The King of Hindustani Music
4. Bhimsen Joshi ? Khayal Singer.
👉Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha (KKGSS) in Bengeri in Hubli, is the only unit in India that is authorized to manufacture and supply the Flag of India.
👉Karnataka hosts the maximum number of Jnanapith awardees. The state has won eight.
Important days in June
1 June ? World Milk Day
♦️3 June - World Bicycle Day
♦️4 June ? International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression
♦️5 June- World Environment Day
♦️7 June ? World Food Safety Day
♦️8 June ? World Oceans Day
♦️14 June - World Blood Donor Day
♦️19 June - World Sickle Cell Awareness Day
♦️19 June - World Sauntering Day
♦️3rd Sunday of June - World Father?s Day
♦️21 June ? International Yoga Day
Mobile Apps & Portals Launched by Government of India
'Mera Ration' Mobile App
➡️Government of India
📱E-Chhawani Portal and Mobile App
➡️Union Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh
📱Udyam Sarathi App
➡️CM of Uttar Pradesh.
📱Digital Ocean
➡️Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Science and Technology, Earth Sciences, Dr Harsh Vardhan
📱?E-Sampada?
➡️Minister of State (IC) for Housing and Urban Affairs, Hardeep Singh Puri.
📱?PR Insight?
➡️Punjab Government
📱Abhayam App
➡️Andhra Pradesh Government
📱Jeevan Seva App
➡️Satyendar Jain Health Minister of Delhi
📱Ayush Sanjivani Mobile App
➡️Union Health Minister Harsh Vardhan and Minister of State for Ayurveda, Yoga, and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH).
📱COVID-19COVID BEEP App
➡️Union Minister of the northeastern region (DoNER) Dr Jitendra SinghIt
📱?eBloodServices? Mobile App
➡️Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare, Dr. Harsh Vardhan.
📱'ATL App Development Module'
➡️ NITI Aayog.
📱Awaas app
➡️Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
📱?Harit Path? App
➡️Union Minister for road transport and highways.
The Hindu Vocabulary For All Competitive Exams:1 June 2021
1. CONFRONT (VERB): (सामना करना): challenge
Synonyms: square up to, oppose
Antonyms: avoid
Example Sentence:
He confronted the robbers as they were trying to leave.
2. POISED (ADJECTIVE): (शांतचित्त): self-possessed
Synonyms: self-assured composed
Antonyms: excited
Example Sentence:
Not every day you saw that poised, competent kid distressed.
3. DESPITE (PREPOSITION): (के बावजूद ): in spite of
Synonyms: notwithstanding, in the face of
Antonyms: because of
Example Sentence:
He remains a great leader despite age and infirmity.
4. CONSOLIDATE (VERB): (मजबूत करना): strengthen
Synonyms: secure, stabilize
Antonyms: weaken
Example Sentence:
The company consolidated its position in the international market.
5. FLIPPANT (ADJECTIVE): (क्षुद्र): frivolous
Synonyms: superficial, shallow
Antonyms: serious
Example Sentence:
He made a flippant remark.
6. TIRESOME (ADJECTIVE): (थकानेवाला): boring
Synonyms: dull, tedious
Antonyms: interesting
Example Sentence:
Weeding is a tiresome but essential job.
7. GLORIFY (VERB): (महिमामंडन करना): ennoble
Synonyms: exalt, elevate
Antonyms: dishonour
Example Sentence:
A football video went viral glorifying violence.
8. ABATE (VERB): (घटना): subside
Synonyms: lessen, let up
Antonyms: intensify
Example Sentence:
In an hour or so the storm would abate and they could leave.
9. FLEETING (ADJECTIVE): (क्षणभंगुर): brief
Synonyms: transient, short-lived
Antonyms: lasting
Example Sentence:
For a very fleeting moment, I saw his face.
10. GLOSSY (ADJECTIVE): (सतही आकर्षक): expensive
Synonyms: high-quality, stylish
Antonyms: cheap
Example Sentence:
That is just another glossy TV miniseries.
Persian Gulf
In Headlines: Indian Navy has launched ?Operation Sankalp? in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.
The Persian Gulf is an arm of the Arabian Sea, lies between Arabian Peninsula and Iran, extending from the Shatt al Arab delta to the Strait of Hormuz.
Also called the Arabian Gulf, it is a shallow marginal sea of the Indian Ocean.
It is connected to the Gulf of Oman in the east by the Strait of Hormuz.
Bordered by Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq.
Post updated on: Jun 5, 2021 8:12:23 AM
Current Affairs
Mexico's Andrea Meza has been crowned Miss Universe 2020 at the 69th edition of the pageant.
🔰Amazon India has launched a free video streaming service named mini tv. Amazon now has two video streaming services- Prime Video and mini TVs.
🔰The Union Health Ministry announced that the second dose of the Covishield vaccine will be given after 84 days now.
🔰World Hypertension Day is celebrated on 17 May worldwide.
🔰The Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman handed over possession to 640 homebuyers of the first stalled project completed with funding by SWAMIH Fund managed by SBICap Ventures Ltdand.
🔰The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has provided an enhanced allocation of Rs. 2250 Crore for the year 2021-22 for 'Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture, a centrally sponsored scheme.
🔰The 43rd GST Council meeting will take place on May 28, 2021, through video conference.
🔰Miss India Adeline Castelino was the third runner-up at the 69th Miss Universe pageant. She finished fourth behind Peru's Janick Maceta.
🔰The theme of 2021 World Telecommunication and Information Society Day is "Accelerating Digital Transformation in challenging times".
🔰The 6th UN Global Road Safety Week has been organized from 17-23 May 2021.
🔰In Tennis Rafael Nadal (Spain) has won the men's singles title at the Italian Open 2021.
🔰the book titled "Sikkim: A History of Intrigue and Alliance", written by former diplomat Preet Mohan Singh Malik.
🔰The Chief Minister of Manipur N Biren Singh has launched the MOMA Market mobile application for home delivery of fresh vegetables.
🔰The Indian Railways has completed the Wi-Fi-based internet facility has been provided at 6000 railway stations in the country till now.
🔰The World AIDS Vaccine Day, (also known as HIV Vaccine Awareness Day), is observed annually on May 18.
🔰the tennis player who represented Kazakhstan in the Davis Cup has been banned for 10 years after admitting a string of corruption charges.
🔰The Himachal Pradesh government has launched a state-wide wellness program called 'AYUSH Ghar Dwar' for home isolated Covid-19 positive patients, to keep them healthy by practicing Yoga.
🔰Iga Swiatek (Poland) has won the women's singles title at the Italian Open 2021 Tennis tournament.
🔰The Pune has been topped the State of Indian Healthcare- Indian cities through the lens of healthcare report 2021, report by Elara Technologies.
🔰As per the analysis, India is the most at-risk country, with 43 of the top 100 cities on the list.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a severe medical condition where the body loses heat before it can generate it, resulting in a dangerously low body temperature.
? While normal body temperature lies at around 37 degrees Celsius, the body temperature of a person suffering from hypothermia drops to below 35 degrees Celsius.
? Heavy alcohol consumption is often linked to an increased risk of hypothermia and other conditions linked to extreme cold weather.
? Alcohol can decrease the core temperature of the body and increase the risk of hypothermia during cold exposure.
The coast of Odisha in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley.
? They are found in warm waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans.
? The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world.
? They are best known for their unique mass nesting called Arribada.
? They migrate thousands of kilometers between feeding and mating grounds in the course of a year.
? They are extensively poached for their meat, shell and leather, and their eggs.
COAL RESERVES IN INDIA
The Coal resources of India are available in older Gondwana Formations of peninsular India and younger Tertiary formations of the north-eastern region.
? About 80 percent of the coal deposits in India are of bituminous type and are of non-coking grade. ? Jharkhand has the largest reserves of coal in India followed by Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
? The most important Gondwana coal fields of India are located in Damodar Valley. They lie in the Jharkhand-Bengal coal belt and the important coalfields in this region are Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Giridih, and Karanpura. Jharia is the largest coalfield followed by Raniganj.
? The other river valleys associated with coal are Godavari, Mahanadi, and Sone.
IISCO
The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) set up its first factory at Hirapur and later on another at Kulti. In 1937, the Steel corporation of Bengal was constituted in association with IISCO and set up another iron and steel producing unit at Burnpur (West Bengal).
? All the three plants under IISCO are located very close to Damodar valley coalfields (Raniganj, Jharia, and Ramgarh). Iron ore comes from Singhbhum in Jharkhand.
? Water is obtained from the Barakar River, a tributary of the Damodar.
? All the plants are located along the Kolkata- Asansol railway line. Unfortunately, steel production from IISCO fell considerably in 1972-73 and the plants were taken over by the government.
HOW DESERT PLANTS CONSERVE WATER?
They are mostly shrubs.
? Leaves are absent or reduced in size.
? Leaves and stems are succulent and water-storing.
? In some plants even the stem contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
? Root system is well developed and spread over a large area.
? The annuals wherever present germinates, bloom, and reproduce only during the short rainy season, and not in summer and winter.
? Various other xerophilous adaptations are resorted to such as reduced leaves, thick hairy growth, succulence, coatings of wax, thick cuticle, protected stomata, etc., all having for their object of reduction of transpiration.
TISCO
? The Tata Iron and Steel plant lies very close to the Mumbai-Kolkata railway line and about 240 km away from Kolkata, which is the nearest port for the export of steel.
? The rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai provide water to the plant. The iron ore for the plant is obtained from Noamundi and Badam Pahar and coal is brought from Joda mines in Odisha.
? Coking coal comes from Jharia and west Bokaro coalfields.
Post updated on: Jun 5, 2021 8:05:31 AM
BRICS Employment Working Group (EWG) Meeting
- First BRICS Employment Working Group (EWG) Meeting amongst BRICS Countries.
- The first BRICS Employment Working Group (EWG) Meeting was held in the virtual format in New Delhi.
- India has assumed the BRICS presidency this year.
- Prime agenda for the discussions:
◆ Promoting Social Security Agreements amongst BRICS Nations
◆ Formalization of labour markets
◆ Participation of women in the labour force
◆ Gig and platform workers ? Role in the labour market
◆ Apart from the member nations? representatives, representatives from the International Labour Organization (ILO) and International Social Security Agency (ISSA) also participated.
◆ On the issue of the Social Security Agreement (SSA), the Member Nations resolved to enter into dialogue and discussion with each other and take it forward towards the signing of the agreements.
What are Social Security Agreements (SSA)?
◆ SSA is a bilateral agreement between India and a foreign country designed to protect the interests of cross border workers.
◆ The agreement provides for avoidance of ?double coverage? and ensures equality of treatment to workers of both countries from a social security perspective.
◆ Generally, benefits such as detachment, exportability of pension, totalisation of benefits and withdrawal of social security benefits are available under these SSAs.
◆ Under Detachment or elimination of dual contribution, employees moving on employment to any SSA country are exempt from making social security contributions in the host country for a specified period (specific to each SSA), provided they continue to make social security contributions in their home countries.
◆ Under the Exportability of Pension clause, the employees may choose to receive benefits of social security in their home country or any other country where they are currently residing (subject to the respective SSA) without any reduction of those benefits, i.e. benefits can be exported.
◆ Under the Totalization of Benefits clause, the period of service rendered by an employee in the host country is to be counted for checking the ?eligibility? of social security payment in the home country and vice-versa.
Multiplex RT-PCR Kit
- DST institute develops a new multiplex RT-PCR kit.
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), an Institute of National Importance under the Department of Science and Technology has developed the new multiplex RT-PCR kit.
- Significance:
◆ The kit has a higher accuracy of detecting covid-19 across the various mutant strains of the coronavirus.
◆ Even though coronaviruses make far fewer errors than other RNA viruses, the mutations in S, R, and N genes often interfere with RT-PCR assay.
- The new kit targets two SARS CoV2 genes: RdRp and ORFb-nsp14, and the human RNAse P gene as the internal control to help detect a range of mutant strains.
- Various studies have shown that RdRp and ORF1b-nsp14 genes are more sensitive in detecting Covid-19. Hence, this kit can give more precise results.
- The ORFb-nsp14 is one of the least mutated genes in Covid-19 and currently, there are no kits in the market with ORF-nsp14 as the target.
- ICMR has validated this kit at the National Institute of Virology, Pune, and found that it has 97.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity in covid-19 detection.
◆ It may be noted that withdrawal of PF and pension benefits is allowed only once the employee attains the age of 58 years (for non-SSA countries) or depending upon the conditions stipulated in the respective SSA (if any).
◆ To protect the interest of International Workers, India has signed bilateral Social Security Agreements with 19 countries, out of which 16 are operational.
- Need for SSAs:
◆ The globalisation of the economy and the development of international trade and business has considerably increased the international movement of individuals across geographies.
◆ While cross-border issues arise in the areas of tax, immigration and social security, of late, social security issues too have been gaining importance as they relate to the retirement benefits of the individual venturing beyond borders for employment.
◆ Till 2008, foreign nationals exercising employment in India were not covered under the Provident Fund (PF) regulations, since PF contributions were not mandatory where the employees? pay exceeded the wage ceiling.
◆ On the contrary, Indian nationals working abroad were required to contribute to the social security scheme of the respective country.
◆ However, these contributions were generally lost due to limited tenure overseas or in failing to fulfil the minimum qualifying period of contribution or residence.
International Organizations
Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAPEC
➡️Singapore1989
🧿Organization of Islamic Cooperation ➡️OICJeddah (Saudi Arabia)1969
🧿Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW
➡️The Hague(Netherlands)1997
🧿Worldwide Fund for NatureWWF
➡️Gland, Vaud (Switzerland)1961
🧿World Economic Forum WEF
➡️Cologny, (Switzerland)1971
🧿International Hydrographic Organization IHO
➡️Monaco1921
🧿International Cricket Council ICC
➡️Dubai, (UAE)1909
🧿International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN
➡️Gland, (Switzerland)1948
🧿International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS
➡️Paris, (France)1965
🧿United Nations World Tourism Organization UNWTO
➡️Madrid, (Spain)Asia Pacific Economic CooperationAPEC
➡️Singapore1989
🧿Organization of Islamic Cooperation ➡️OICJeddah (Saudi Arabia)1969
🧿Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW
➡️The Hague(Netherlands)1997
🧿Worldwide Fund for NatureWWF
➡️Gland, Vaud (Switzerland)1961
🧿World Economic Forum WEF
➡️Cologny, (Switzerland)1971
🧿International Hydrographic Organization IHO
➡️Monaco1921
🧿International Cricket Council ICC
➡️Dubai, (UAE)1909
🧿International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN
➡️Gland, (Switzerland)1948
🧿International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS
➡️Paris, (France)1965
🧿United Nations World Tourism Organization UNWTO
➡️Madrid, (Spain)
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is primarily caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheria.
? It is mainly spread by coughs and sneezes, or through close contact with someone infected.
? In most cases, the bacteria cause acute infections, driven by the diphtheria toxin, the key target of the vaccine.
? However, non-toxigenic C. diphtheria can also cause disease, often in the form of systemic infections.
? In high-income countries, all babies are vaccinated against the infection.
? Recently it is found that Diphtheria has started to become resistant to several classes of antibiotics and in future, it may even become immune to vaccination.
Major areas of priority in Five Year Plans
1st Five Year Plan (1951-56) - Priority of Agriculture.
✅ 2 Five Year Plan (1956-61) - Priority of Industry Sector.
✅ 3 Five Year Plan (1961?66) - Agriculture and Industry.
✅ 4 Five Year Plan (1969-74) - Removed the development of poverty with justice.
✅ 5th Five Year Plan (1974-79) - Removed poverty and self-reliance.
✅ 6 Five Year Plan (1980-85) - Emphasized only as the Fifth Plan.
✅ 7th Five-Year Plan (1985?90) - Food production, employment, productivity
✅ 8th Five Year Plan (1992-97) - Job creation, control of population.
✅ 9th Five Year Plan (1997-02) - 7 percent growth rate.
✅ 10th Five Year Plan (2002-07) - Self employment and development of resources.
✅ 11th Five Year Plan (2007-12) - Comprehensive and rapid development.
✅ 12th Five Year Plan (2012-17) - Reform of health, education and sanitation (overall development)
Post updated on: Jun 5, 2021 5:25:24 AM
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